CHAPTER 8 :- RESPIRATION AND CIRCULATION
PART A:- HUMAN
RESPIRATION
1. Define
respiration
2. Give the
equation for respiration
3. What is
ATP MOLECULE?
4. From
where the cell gets the energy for all the life processes?
5. Give the
role of respiratory organs in the process of respiration.
6. Give the
role of blood in the process of Respiration.
7. What is
role of body cells in respiration.
8. How does
a single-celled organism exchange their gasses.
9. Which
factor limits the size of single celled organ sons?
10. How
does the exchange of oxygen and CO2 takes place in terrestrial
animal.
11. What
type of the cells covers the respiratory surface of the terrestrial animals?
12. What
method is used by sponges and jellyfish for respiration?
13. What
does frogs use for their respiration?
14. Which
organs are included in Human Respiratory system?
15. What
are nostrils? Give its function?
16. Which
term is used for nostrils?
17. What is
internal nares?
18. Which
term is used for the space between the external & internal nares?
19. What is
mesethmoid?
20. Which
cells internally lines the nasal chamber?
21. Give
the name of the parts of the nasal chamber.
22. What is vestibule? Give its function.
23. Which
part of the nasal chamber most the air?
24. Which
part of the nasal chamber defects the smell & why?
25. Give
the structure of pharynx.
26. Which
terms is used for the upper part of the pharynx? Give its function.
27. Which
terms are used for the lower part of pharynx? Give its function.
28. Which
tissue makes tonsils? What are the function tonsils?
29. What is
Larynx?
30. Which
is another term used for Larynx.
31. Give
the location and function of vocal cords.
32. Give
the structure of Trachea.
33. What is
another term for Trachea?
34. Where
does Trachea locates?
35. What
makes trachea rigid?
36. Which
tissue makes the walls of trachea?
37. Which
cells lines the trachea internally?
38. What is
the function of mucous glands & ciliated epithelium in Trachea?
39. What is
the position of bronchi?
40. What
happens when each bronchus enters the lung?
41. Which
part of the bronchus makes the lung spongy & elastic?
42. Define
lungs
43. Give
the location of lungs
44. Define
pleural sac?
45. What is
the function of pleural fluid?
46. What is
pleural cavity?
47. State
he appearance of lungs
48. What is
alveolar sac?
49. What
does each alveolar sac contains?
50. Give
the structure of Alveoli.
51. What is
the benefit of large numbers of alveoli in human lungs?
52. Where
do we find lobules & what does it contains?
53. Give
the structure of wall of alveoli?
54. What
makes the alveoli flexible?
55. What
are the steps included in the mechanism of respiration.
56. Define
Breathing.
57. Which
process are included in Breathing.
58. The
processes during which the air containing oxygen is taken into the lungs is
termed as?
59. What is
expiration?
60. Which parts
of muscles of the body are involved in inspiration?
61. What is
the role of intercostal muscles in Inspiration?
62. Give
the role of diaphragm during inspiration.
63. What equalizes
the pressure of the lungs?
64. Which
process in known as passive process?
65. During Expiration
what reduces the volume of the thoracic cavity?
66. Give
the role of intercostal muscle in an Expiration.
67. Give
the role of diaphragm during Expiration?
68. Give
the effect of increased pressure on the lungs during respiration.
69. Define respiratory
cycle.
70. Which
part of the brain controls the process of breathing?
71. Where
does the Receptor cells defects the changes in Co2 & H+
concentration?
72. Which
factor activates the rhythm center of medulla?
73. Which
events are involved in transport of respiratory gases?
74. What is
External respiration?
75. How
does exchange of oxygen and CO2 takes place in lungs during respiration?
76. What is
partial pressure?
77. Which
events are included in external Respiration?
78. Give
the conc. Of oxygen in inspired air and alveolar blood.
79.Give the
conc of CO2 in inspired air and alveolar blood.
80. What is
hemoglobin?
81. What is
the use of Hemoglobin in respiration?
82. Give
the reaction between the hemoglobin and oxygen.
83. During
external respiration which forms of CO2 are found in blood plasma?
84. Which
product is formed after the breakdown of bicarbonate during respiration?
85. Give
the breakdown product of carbonic acid.
86. Give
the reaction for breakdown of carbaminohemoglobin.
87. What is
internal respiration?
88. Give
the process of give & take of O2 & Co2 during
internal respiration.
89. Which
component is brought by blood to the tissue cells?
90. At what
rate formation of bicarbonates in blood takes place?
91. What is
the fate of the rest of the CO2 during internal respiration?
92. Which
molecules are formed during cellular respiration?
93. Which
term is used for the process of formation energy by cell?
94. Where
does the cellular respiration takes place?
95. Which
are the biproducts of cellular respiration?
96. What is
the use of energy released b cellular respiration?
97. Where
does the chemo sensitive area is situated?
98.Which compound
/chemical affects the chemo sensitive area of brain?
99. What is
the effect of H+ & CO2 on chemo sensitive area?
100. Give
the names of two chemoreceptors.
101. Give
the function of chemoreceptors.
102. What
is respirometer?
103. Give
the application of spirometer
104. define
tidal volume (TV)
105. Define
Inspiratory Reserve volume(IRV)
106. Define
Expiratory Reserve volume (EVR)
107. Define
Residual volume (RV)
108. Define
vital capacity
109. Give
the amount of TV, IRV, ERV and RV in an adult.
110. for
which compound does hemoglobin has higher affinity than oxygen?
111. What
is carboxyl hemoglobin?
11. What is
oxygen starvation.
113. What
are the consequences of oxygen starvation?
114. Which
places are more prone to carbon monoxide poisoning?
115. What
is the treatment for carbon monoxide poisoning?
116. name
any two respiratory disorders.
117. What
is Asthma?
118. give
the role of mucous membrane & mucous gland in Asthma?
118. Give
the role of mucous membrane & mucous gland in Asthma.
119. what
is Bronchospoasm?
120. Why
the airways are narrowed during Asthmatic attack?
121. why lungs
become hyperinflated during Astama attack?
122. Which
term is used for the long duration of Astama attack?
123. What
are the consequences of sever asthmatic attack?
124.Give
the non-specific facto which may lead to asthmatic attack.
125. Name
any two occupational lung diseases
126. What
is the response of respiratory tract against the large inhaled particles?
127. Where
do you find the highest risk of silicosis?
128. What
is the cause of silicosis?
129. In
silicosis, in which part of the body silica accumulates?
130. Give
reason for the inflammatory reaction during silicosis?
131. Which diseases
are favored during silicosis?
132. What
are the consequences of silicosis due to distraction of lung?tissue?
133. Which
disease is caused by the inhalation of Asbestos fibers?
134. Which
type of asbestosis is most serious?
135. What
is Emphysema?
136. Why Emphysema
patient shows shortness of breath?
137. Emphysema
belongs to which group of diseases.
138. Why Emphysema
is placed in obstructive lung disease group?
139. Why
air is trapped in the alveoli during Emphysema?
140.What is
the difference between Asthma and Emphysema?
PART B:- CIRCULATION
1.Which process prevents bleeding?
2.What is the main function of blood?
3.What is circulatory system?
4.Who Discovered closed circulatory system?
5.What is blood?
6.What is hematology?
7.Which type of tissue blood is ?
8.From which embryonic longer blood is derived?
9.What is colour of blood?
10.What is PH of blood ?
11.What is test of blood
12. What do you know about viscosity of blood ?
13. What is the amount of blood present in adult’s body?
14. How much blood constitutes of total body Weight?
15. What are the two main components of blood?
16. What is the percentage of plasma and blood corpuscles in
blood?
17. What are the physical properties of plasma.
18. How much amount of water is present in plasma?
19. What is the percentage of proteins present in plasma?
20. Name the different plasma proteins.
21. Name he different nutrients in plasma.
22. What are the different nitrogenous waste present in
plasma?
23. Name the different gaseous substances.
24. Name the different regulatory and substances found in
plasma.
25. What are different organic compounds found in plasma?
26. What are the different types of blood corpuscles?
27. What is the shape of RBC?
28. Name the two animals which show nucleate RBCs.
29. What is the RBC count
30. What is the number of RBCs per cubic mm of blood in
adult male and female?
31. What is the average life span of RBCs?
32. What is erythropoiesis ?
33. What are the sites of RBC production?
34. Name the organs where RBCs are
destroyed?
35. Which organs are known as grave yard of
RBCs?
36. What is polycythemia?
37. What is erythrocytopenia?
38. Describe structure of hemoglobin.
39. What is normal hemoglobin content in
adult male and female?
40. What does RBCs maintain/ How?
41. What are Leucocytes?
42. What is diapedesis?
43. What is count of leucocytes inn WBCs per
cu mm of blood?
44. What is the life span of leucocytes?
45. What is leucopoiesis?
46. Name the sites where WBCs are formed?
47. What is leukocytosis?
48. What is leucopenia?
49. What is Leukemia?
50. Which enzyme is present in RBCs
cytoplasm?
51. Which compound of RBC act as buffer
53. How does dead WBCs destroyed and
where?
54. What are the type of WBC
55. What is polymorphonuclear leucocytes and
polymorphs?
56. How is the nuclear & eosinophils
?
57. When does eosinophil increase in
number ?
58. What is eosinophilia ?
59. Give the name & basic dye which
stains basophiles .
60. What are the types of granulocytes
?
61. What are the types of granulocytes
?
62. What is the criteria used for
classification of WBC ?
63. What is the nature of cytoplasm and
nucleus of granulocytes ?
64. What is the shape of nucleus in
lymphocytes ?
65. Which type of stain is used for
neutrophils ?
66. Which is the largest WBC?
67. Which WBCs are called scavengers ?
68. What is the number of Platelets in
per cubic mm of blood?
69. How much is the life span of
platelets ?
70. What is thrombopoiesis ?
71. What is thrombocytosis ?
72. What is thrombocytopenia ?
73. Which content helps in clotting of
blood at the site of injury ?
74. Name the anticoagulants ?
75. What is blood coagulation or
clotting ?
76. How much neutrophils constitute of
total WBC count ?
77. Which type of WBC/Granulocytes is phagocytic
in nature ?
78. Name the stain used for staining eosinophils
?
79. What is another term used for eosinophils
?
80. What is the shape of nucleus in
neutrophils ?
81. What is the nature of nucleus in
eosinophils ?
82. How much eosinophils constitute of
total WBC’s ?
83. Which WBC/ granulocyte
non-phagocytic in nature ?
84. What is the property of eosinophils
?
85. What is the nature of nucleus of
basophils ?
86. What is the role of heparin and
histamine ?
87. How much basophils constitute of
total CBC’s ?
88. What is the nature of nucleus and
cytoplasm of agranulocyte
89. What are the types of agranulocytes
?
90. What is the shape of nucleus of lymphocytes
?
91. how much lymphocytes contribute of
total WBC content ?
92. What is the function of lymphocytes
?
93. Which a granulocyte is non- motile
in nature ?
94. Which a granulocyte contains more
cytoplasm and why ?
95. Which is the largest WBC type ?
96. What is the shape of nucleus in
monocytes ?
97. What is the percentage of monocytes
of total WBC content
98. Which a granulocyte is known as
scavenger ?
99. How macrophages are produced ?
100. Which cells are known as scavenger
?
101. What are the different types of lymphocytes
?
102. Why RBC shows biconcave surface ?
103 Why nucleus is lost during maturation
of RBC ?
104. Which is the smallest element of
blood ?
105. Which blood cell other than RBC I
non nucleated ?
106. What can be the shape of platelets
?
107. What is the term applied to
platelet with nucleus ?
108. What is the diameter of
thrombocytes ?
109. What is the life span of platelets
?
110. What are megakaryocytes ?
111. What is the site of thrombopoiesis ?
112. Why thrombocytes aggregate at the
site of injury ?
113. What is platelet plug ?
114. Which cells release thromboplastin
?
115. Which two components prevent coagulation
or clotting of blood in blood vessel ?
116. What is clotting ?
117. What is the role of thromboplastin
?
118. Which ions covert prothrombin into
thrombin ?
119. What is the role of thrombin ?
120. What is the nature of fibrin and
fibrinogen ?
121. How clot is formed ?
122. What is the normal clotting time
of blood ?
123. Which vitamin plays major role in clotting
of blood ?
124. What is mediastinum ?
125. What is size f heart ?
126. What is the origin of heart ?
127. What is the average weight of
heart ?
128. What is pericardium ?
129. What are the two layers of
pericardium ?
130. What is the component of fibrous
pericardium ?
131. What are the layers of serous
pericardium ?
132. What type of material forms parietal
pericardium >
133. Which layer of serous pericardium
forms outer covering heart ?
134. What is pericardial fluid ?
135. What is the function of
pericardial fluid ?
136.
What are the different wall layers of heart ?
137. What is the nature of epicardium ?
138. What is the structural component
of myocardium ?
139. What is the function of myocardial
component ?
140. What is the function of myocardial
component ?
141. What is the structural component
of endocardium ?
142. Name the superior thin walled, small
chambers of heart ?
143. Which chambers of heart are
receiving chambers ?
144. Name the inferior, thick walled,
large distributing chambers of heart ?
145. Name the external transverse
groove between atria and ventricles ?
146. Name the sulcus present between
right and left ventricles ?
147. Name the blood vessels pouring
blood into the heart ?
148. What is function of coronary
artery ?
149. What is the function of coronary
veins ?
150. Where does coronary sinus open ?
151. Which atrium is larger in size ?
152.
Which blood vessels arises from
right ventricle ?
153.
Which blood vessel arises from left ventricle ?
154. What is ligmentum arteriosum ?
155. What does ligamentum arteriosum
represent ?
156. Which structure separates two
atria internally ?
157. Name the blood vessels which pour
blood into right auricle ?
158. Which valve guards the opening of
inferior vena cava or past caval vein ?
159. Which valve guards the opening of
coronary sinus.
160. What is fossa ovalis ? Where it is
present ?
161. What is foramen ovale ?
162. Name the blood vessels which bring
blood to left atrium ?
163. Which type of blood is received by
right and left atria ?
164.
Through which aperture right auricle opens into right ventricle ?
165. Which valve guards the aperture
between right and left ventricle ?
166. Why right atria ventricular valve is
called as tricuspid valve ?
167. Name the valve which guards
opening of left auricle into left ventricle ?
168. What is another term for bicuspid
valve ?
169. To which structure valves are
attached ?
170. What are chordate tendineae ?
171. What is the function of chordae tendineae ?
172. Which structure separates two
ventricles ?
173. Which ventricle has thickest wall
?
174. Why left ventricle shows thickest
wall ?
175. What is columnae carnae /trabeculae
carnae ?
176. What is the function of pulmonary
aortas or trunk ?
177. What is the function of systemic aorta
?
178. How many semilunar valves are
present at the base of aorta and pulmonary artery ?
179. What is the role of semilunar
valves ?
180. What is the pumping organ of body
?
181. What is heart beat ?
182. What is ventricular contraction
and relaxation ?
183. How many times heart beats in a
minute ?
184. What is cardiac output ?
185. How much blood is pumped by heart
in a minute ?
186. What is the nature of human heart
?
187. Where does heart beat originate ?
188. What is BA nod e structurally ?
189. What is pacemaker ?
190. What is location of SA node ?
191.
How atria of heart contract ?
192. What is the position of AV node ?
193. Where Bundle of His is located ?
194. What is position of purkinje fibers
?
195. What is the function of Bundle of
His and purkinje fibers ?
196. What is cardiac cycle ?
197. What is the duration of cardiac
cycle ?
198. What are the components of heart
beat ?
199. Explain ventricular systole ?
200. What is the duration of ventricular systole ?
201.
Explain ventricular systole
202. What is the duration of
ventricular systole ?
203. What is joint diastole or complete
cardiac diastole ?
204. What is the duration of joint
diastole ?
205. Why human heart is myogenic ?
206. What is location of cardiovascular
centre ?
207. What SA node receives from
sympathetic and parasympathetic nerve fibers ?
208. What is role of adrenaline ?
209. What is role of acetylcholine ?
210. What is the rate of heart during
inspiration and expiration.
211. What is sinus arrhythmias ?
212. What is angiology ?
213. What are the types of blood vessels
?
214.
What is the direction of blood flow in artery ?
215. Which type of blood artery carries
? which artery is exception ?
216. Name the blood vessel with thick
muscular, elastic wall and deeply situated showing narrow lumen.
217. What are the layers of arterial
wall ?
218.What is the nature of tunica media
in artery and Vein ?
219. Which is the thinnest blood vessel
?
220. How capillaries are formed ?
221. What is angiogenesis ?
222. What is the nature of capillary
wall ?
223. To which material capillary is
permeable ?
224. Capillaries unite to produce…….
225. What is the direction of blood
flow in veins ?
226. Which type of blood vein carries ?
Which vein is exception ?
227. What is the function of semilunar
valves in veins ?
228. What is the pressure of blood in
artery and vein ?
229. What is the nature of tunica media
in vein ?
230. What type of blood circulation is
found in humans ?
231. What are the two routes of blood
circulation ?
232. Which is the longest route of blood circulation ?
233. Which is the shortest route of
blood circulation ?
234. What is coronary circulation ?
235. What is heart beat and pulse ?
236. What is heart rate ?
237. What is tachycardia ?
238. What is bradycardia ?
239. Where one can feel pulse ?
240. What is pulse rate ?
241. What is rate of pulse in different
genders and age ?
242. During which conditions pulse rate
increases ?
243. Why heart shows autorhythmicity ?
244. What are the functions of autorhythmic
fibers ?
245. What is the effect of increased
Na+ ions blood vessels ?
246. What is blood pressure ?
247. Which instrument is used to
measure blood pressure ?
248. What do you mean by the term
‘Sphygmos’ ?
249. What is the unit of blood pressure
?
250. What are the types of blood
pressure ?
251. What is systolic blood pressure ?
252. What is normal systolic blood
pressure ?
253. What is diastolic blood pressure ?
254. What is normal diastolic blood
pressure ?
255. Which pressure is maximum and
minimum in blood pressure ?
256. What is normal blood pressure ?
257. What is hypertension ?
258. What are the effects of
hypertension ?
259. What are the factors responsible
for hyper tension ?
260. What is CAD ?
261. What is atherosclerosis ?
262. What are the technical terms for
chest pain & heart attack ?
263. What is atherosclerotic plaque ?
264. What is arteriosclerosis ?
265. What is the cause angina pectoris
?
266. What is heart failure ?
267. What are the causes of heart
failure ?
268. What is ECG ?
269. Which instrument is used to record
ECG ?
270. Who discovered ECG technique ?
271. Who is Father of
electrocardiography ?
272. What does ECG record ?
273. Where electrodes are placed over
body ?
274. What are the different types waves
produced in ECG ?
275. What is P-Wave ?
276. What does P-wave indicate ?
277. What is QRS complex ?
278. What does QRS complex indicate ?
279. What is T-wave ?
280. What does T- Wave indicate ?
281. What is use of ECG ?
282. What type of battery is present in
pacemaker ?
283.What is life span of artificial
pacemakers ?
284. What are the components of
lymphatic system ?
285. What is nature of lymph ?
286. What is lymph ?
287, What is blood minus. lymph ?
288. What does lymph contain ?
289. What is structural component of
lymphatic capillary ?
290. What are lymphatic vessels ?
291. What are the two main types of lymph vessels ?
292. Which is the main collecting duct
of lymphatic vessels ?
293. What are lacteals ?
294. What is the function of right
lymphatic duct
295. What are lymph node ?
296. What is the position of lymph
nodes ?
297. What does lymphatic system
transports from intestine ?
298. What is transported by lymph form
tissue fluid to blood ?
299. What is filtered by lymph nodes ?
300. What does lymph node produce ?
301. Which system acts as middle man ?
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